Los Alamos National Laboratory
Acronym Definition
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LALN LA Loan
LALN LA Local National
LALN Laughing A Lot Network
LALN Labrador Airways Canada (ICAO code) Network
LALN Land Attack Lab Network
LALN Latitude and Longitude Network
LALN Laugh A Little Network
LALN Laughing A Little Network
LALN Law Abiding Life Network
LALN Leased Access Line Network
LALN Level Alarm Low Network
LALN Lightning Activity Level (used for wildfire prediction) Network
LALN Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Network
LALN Lithuanian Airlines Network
LALN Live A Live (video game) Network
LALN Live and Learn Network
LALN Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad Network
LALN Local Analog Loopback Network
LALN Lock And Load Network
LALN Long Arm of the Law Network
LALN Los Angeles Lakers Network
LALN Los Angleles Lakers (basketball) Network
LALN Lots 'a' Luv Network
LALN Local Access and Location Number
LALN Local Action League Now (former gaming clan; TV series)
LALN Local Action League Now (gaming clan)
LALN Local Adaptive Learning Network
LALN Local Adaptive Logic Network
LALN Local Albany and Northern Railway Company
LALN Local Aluminum Nitride (ceramic substrate material used for heat
dissipation in electronics)
LALN Local Arid Lands Newsletter
LALN Local Asynchronous Learning Networks (e-learning)
LALN Local Automobile Loss Notice (insurance)
LALN Local Availability Line Number
LALN Local St Louis Regional Airport, East Alton, IL
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) (previously known at various times as
Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a United
States Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory, managed and operated by
Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS), located in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The
laboratory is one of the largest multidisciplinary institutions in the world. It
is the largest institution and the largest employer in northern New Mexico with
approximately 12,500 LANS employees plus approximately 3,300 contractor
personnel. Additionally, there are roughly 120 DOE employees stationed at the
laboratory to provide federal oversight of LANL's work and operations.
Approximately one-third of the laboratory's technical staff members are
physicists, one-fourth are engineers, one-sixth are chemists and materials
scientists, and the remainder work in mathematics and computational science,
biological science, geoscience, and other disciplines. Professional scientists
and students also come to Los Alamos as visitors to participate in scientific
projects. The staff collaborates with universities and industry in both basic
and applied research to develop resources for the future. The annual budget is
approximately USD 2.2 billion.
Los Alamos is one of two laboratories in the United States where classified work
towards the design of nuclear weapons is undertaken. The other, since 1952, is
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
History
The Manhattan Project
Main article: Manhattan Project
The laboratory was founded during World War II as a secret, centralized facility
to coordinate the scientific research of the Manhattan Project, the Allied
project to develop the first nuclear weapons. The laboratory was officially
known as Site Y. In September 1942, the difficulties encountered in conducting
preliminary studies on nuclear weapons at universities scattered across the
country indicated the need for a laboratory dedicated solely to that purpose.
Manhattan Project scientific director Robert Oppenheimer, who had spent much
time in his youth in the New Mexico area, scouted the area along with General
Leslie Groves and physicist Ernest O. Lawrence, and decided upon the mesa which
was once the Los Alamos Ranch School. Oppenheimer became the laboratory's first
director.
During the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos hosted thousands of employees in secret
(its only mailing address was to a post office box, number 1663, in Santa Fe,
New Mexico), including many Nobel Prize-winning scientists. Though its contract
with the University of California was initially intended to be temporary, the
relationship was maintained long after the war. Until the atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Robert Sproul, the president of the University of
California, did not know what the purpose of the laboratory was, and thought it
might be producing a "death ray". The only member of the UC administration who
knew its true purpose—indeed, the only one who knew its exact physical
location—was the Secretary-Treasurer Robert Underhill, who was in charge of
wartime contracts and liabilities.
The "Trinity" nuclear test
The work of the laboratory culminated in the creation of three atomic devices,
one of which was used in the first nuclear test near Alamogordo, New Mexico,
code-named "Trinity", on July 16, 1945. The other two were weapons, "Little Boy"
and "Fat Man", which were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Japan.
After the war, Oppenheimer retired from the directorship, and it was taken over
by Norris Bradbury, whose initial mission was to make the previously
hand-assembled atomic bombs "G.I. proof" so that they could be mass-produced and
used without the assistance of highly trained scientists. Many of the original
Los Alamos "luminaries" chose to leave the laboratory, and some even became
outspoken opponents to the further development of nuclear weapons.
In the years since the 1940s, Los Alamos was responsible for the development of
the hydrogen bomb, and many other variants of nuclear weapons. In 1952, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory was founded to act as Los Alamos' "competitor,"
with the hope that two laboratories for the design of nuclear weapons would spur
innovation. Los Alamos and Livermore served as the primary classified
laboratories in the U.S. national laboratory system, designing all of the
country's nuclear arsenal. Additional work included basic scientific research,
particle accelerator development, health physics, and fusion power research as
part of Project Sherwood. Many nuclear tests were undertaken in the Marshall
Islands and at the Nevada Test Site.
Post-Cold War
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At the end of the Cold War, both labs went through a process of intense
scientific diversification in their research programs to adapt to the changing
political conditions which no longer required as much research towards
developing new nuclear weapons. Los Alamos' nuclear work is currently thought to
relate primarily to computer simulations and stockpile stewardship. The
development of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility will allow
complex simulations of nuclear tests to take place without full explosive
yields.
The laboratory has attracted negative publicity from a number of events. In
1999, Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee was accused of 59 counts of mishandling
classified information by downloading nuclear secrets—"weapons codes," used for
computer simulations of nuclear weapons tests—to data tapes and removing them
from the lab. After ten months in jail, Lee pled guilty to a single count and
the other 58 were dismissed with an apology from U.S. District Judge James
Parker for his incarceration.[1] Lee was suspected for a time of having shared
U.S. nuclear secrets with China, but investigations found this not to be
true.[2] In 2000, two computer hard drives containing classified data were
announced to have gone missing from a secure area within the laboratory, but
were later found behind a photocopier; in 2003, the laboratory's director John
Browne, and deputy director, resigned following accusations that they had
improperly dismissed two whistleblowers who had alleged widespread theft at the
lab. The year 2000 brought additional hardship for the laboratory in the form of
the Cerro Grande Fire, a severe forest fire that destroyed several buildings
(and employees' homes) and forced the laboratory to close for several days.
In July 2004, an inventory of classified weapons data revealed that four hard
disk drives were missing; two of the drives were subsequently found to have been
improperly moved to a different building, but another two remained unaccounted
for. In response, director Peter Nanos shut down large parts of the laboratory
and publicly rebuked scientists working there for a lax attitude to security
procedures. In the laboratory's newsletter for August he wrote: "This willful
flouting of the rules must stop, and I don't care how many people I have to fire
to make it stop"; Nanos is also quoted as saying "If I have to restart the
laboratory with 10 people, I will". However, a report released in January 2005
found that the drives were in fact an artifact of an inconsistent inventory
system (the report concludes that 12 barcodes were issued to a group of disk
drives that needed only 10; the two surplus barcodes nevertheless appeared on a
master list). Thus, auditors wrongly concluded that two disks were missing. The
report states that "The allegedly missing disks never existed and no compromise
of classified material has occurred". This incident is widely reported as
contributing to continuing distrust of management at the lab. In May 2005, Nanos
stepped down as director.
Contract changes
Political dissatisfaction with UC management of the laboratory led the
Department of Energy to open its contract with the University of California to
bids from other vendors in 2003. Though the university and the laboratory have
had difficult relations many times since their first World War II contract, this
was the first time that the university has ever had to compete for management of
the laboratory. The University of California decided to create a private company
with the Bechtel Corporation, Washington Group International, and the BWX
Technologies to bid on the contract to operate the laboratory. The UC/Bechtel
lead corporation - Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS) - was pitted against
a team formed by the University of Texas System partnered with Lockheed-Martin.
In December 2005, the Department of Energy announced that LANS had won the next
seven-year contract to manage and operate the laboratory.
On June 1, 2006, the University of California ended its 60 years of direct
involvement in operating Los Alamos National Laboratory, and management control
of the laboratory was taken over by Los Alamos National Security, LLC.
Approximately 95% of the former 10,000 plus UC employees at LANL were rehired by
LANS to continue working at LANL. Other than UC appointing three members to the
eleven member board of directors that oversees LANS, UC now has virtually no
responsibility or direct involvement in LANL. UC policies and regulations that
apply to UC campuses and its two national laboratories in California (Lawrence
Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore) no longer apply to LANL, and the LANL Director
no longer reports to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President. Also, LANL
employees were removed from the UC's 403(b) retirement savings and defined
benefits pension program and placed in a LANS run program. While the LANS
retirement program provides rehired UC employees with pensions similar to what
UC would have given them, LANS no longer guarantees full pensions to newly hired
LANL employees, instead it only provides them with basic 401(k) retirement
saving options.
Much concern has been voiced on LANL blogs and elsewhere about the new
contractor's effectiveness in correcting the perceived problems in safety,
security and financial management that were cited as the reasons for bidding the
contract. Concern has also been voiced about Bechtel's lack of transparency (as
a private corporation) and increasing control of national nuclear facilities.
Award of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory contract to LLNS LLC was
announced to take effect October 1, 2007, rounding out Bechtel's control of the
bulk of the US nuclear weapons facilities including LANL (design), LLNL
(design), Savannah River Site(nuclear materials), Hanford Site (nuclear
materials), Pantex Plant (assembly/disassembly), Y-12 National Security Complex
(nuclear materials), Nevada Test Site (subcritical testing).
Extended operations
With support of the National Science Foundation, LANL operates one of the three
National High Magnetic Field Laboratories in conjunction with and located at two
other sites Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida and University of
Florida in Gainesville, Florida.
Los Alamos National Laboratory is a partner in the Joint Genome Institute (JGI)
located in Walnut Creek, California. JGI was founded in 1997 to unite the
expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology
development, and information sciences pioneered at the three genome centers at
University of California's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and LANL.
The Integrated Computing Network (ICN) is a multi-security level network at the
LANL integrating large host supercomputers, a file server, a batch server, a
printer and graphics output server and numerous other general purpose and
specialized systems.
The Los Alamos National Laboratory also used to host the arXiv e-print archive.
Directors
* J. Robert Oppenheimer (1943-1945)
* Norris Bradbury (1945-1970)
* Harold Agnew (1970-1979)
* Donald Kerr (1979-1986)
* Siegfried S. Hecker (1986-1997)
* John C. Browne (1997-2003)
* George Peter Nanos (2003-2005)
* Robert W. Kuckuck (2005-2006)
* Michael R. Anastasio (2006-present)
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